![]() ![]() ![]() He was also a strong supporter of the preservation, or saving, of traditional Indian religious practices. Said to experience powerful visions as a boy, he became a wicasa wakan, or holy man. Ultimately, however, Black Elk turned to the spiritual world to help his people recover from the loss of their lands. "The first peace … is that which comes within the souls of people when they realize their relationship, their oneness, with the universe and all its powers, and when they realize that at the center of the universe dwells Wakan-Tanka (the Great Spirit), and that this center is really everywhere, it is within each of us."Īrmstrong Custer (1839–1879) at the Battle of the Little Big Horn in Montana, and the 1890 massacre of Indians at Wounded Knee in South Dakota. Black Elk also fought as a young man and was present at two of the most important battles in the closing chapter of Indian independence: the defeat of George ![]() Other Native Americans during the late nineteenth century, such as Sitting Bull (1831–1890) and Crazy Horse (1849–1877), battled against the settlers and gold miners and were killed by soldiers. The Indians who lived in these areas were moved to reservations or limited territories. states of South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming were opened to white settlement. During his lifetime, the lands of his people in the modern-day U.S. Black Elk, a medicine man and spiritual leader of the Lakota, one of the three branches of the Sioux nation, was among the most influential Native Americans of his generation. ![]()
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